Jhum cultivation, a traditional form of shifting agriculture practiced in tropical mountainous regions, and settled cultivation represent two distinct approaches to agriculture with significant socio-economic and agro-ecological implications. This study provides a comprehensive review comparing these two agricultural systems. Jhum cultivation, integral to the livelihoods of tribal communities, involves periodic land clearing and burning, leading to soil degradation, reduced crop yields, and increased vulnerability to food insecurity. Despite its deep cultural roots, the sustainability of Jhum cultivation is compromised by environmental degradation and limited economic returns. Conversely, settled cultivation, characterized by permanent land use and the application of modern agricultural practices, generally offers higher and more stable crop yields, greater economic benefits, and improved socio-economic conditions. However, it also poses environmental challenges if not managed properly. This review underscores the need for sustainable practices that integrate the benefits of both systems while addressing their respective challenges to promote long-term agricultural viability and socio-economic well-being.