Despite the existence of constitutional provisions and legal frameworks to prohibit caste-based discrimination, it remains a significant issue in rural India. This study employs a socio-legal framework to examine the efficacy of constitutional provisions and associated actions in addressing caste-based inequities. The study use qualitative methodologies such as field interviews, case study analysis, and policy evaluation to demonstrate the discrepancies between legal stipulations and real occurrences. It identifies social and cultural impediments, such as entrenched societal perceptions, economic dependency, and insufficient legal awareness, that hinder disadvantaged groups from attaining justice and equity. The analysis indicates that India’s constitutional framework is robust; nonetheless, it requires enhanced institutional support, legal literacy, and community engagement for optimal functionality. The recommendations emphasize enhancing enforcement, empowering individuals, and fostering dialogue among castes to bridge the disparity between legal frameworks and social reality. This study elucidates the interplay between legislation and social as well as cultural variables, providing insights for enhancing social justice in rural India.